.\" $NetBSD: pkg_add.1,v 1.49 2021/03/08 15:25:47 nia Exp $
.\"
.\" FreeBSD install - a package for the installation and maintenance
.\" of non-core utilities.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\"
.\" Jordan K. Hubbard
.\"
.\"
.\"     @(#)pkg_add.1
.\"
.Dd March 8, 2021
.Dt PKG_ADD 1
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm pkg_add
.Nd a utility for installing and upgrading software package distributions
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Nm
.Op Fl AfhInRUuVv
.Op Fl C Ar config
.Op Fl K Ar pkg_dbdir
.Op Fl m Ar machine
.Op Fl P Ar destdir
.Op Fl p Ar prefix
.Ar Oo Oo Li ftp|http Oc Ns Li :// Ns Oo Ar user Oc Ns \
Oo Li \&: Ns Ar password Oc \
Ns Li @ Oc Ns Ar host Ns Oo Li \&: Ns Ar port Oc Ns \
Oo Li / Ns Ar path/ Oc Ns Ar pkg-name ...
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The
.Nm
command is used to extract and upgrade packages that have been
previously created with the
.Xr pkg_create 1
command.
Packages are prepared collections of pre-built binaries, documentation,
configurations, installation instructions and/or other files.
.Nm
can recursively install other packages that the current package
depends on or requires from both local disk and via FTP or HTTP.
.Sh WARNING
.Bf -emphasis
Since the
.Nm
command may execute scripts or programs contained within a package file,
your system may be susceptible to
.Dq Trojan horses
or other subtle
attacks from miscreants who create dangerous package files.
.Pp
You are advised to verify the competence and identity of those who
provide installable package files.
For extra protection, use the digital signatures provided where possible
(see the
.Xr pkg_install.conf 5 ) ,
or, failing that, use
.Xr tar 1
to extract the package file, and inspect its contents and scripts
to ensure it poses no danger to your system's integrity.
Pay particular attention to any
.Pa +INSTALL
or
.Pa +DEINSTALL
files, and inspect the
.Pa +CONTENTS
file for
.Cm @cwd ,
.Cm @mode
(check for setuid),
.Cm @dirrm ,
.Cm @exec ,
and
.Cm @unexec
directives, and/or use the
.Xr pkg_info 1
command to examine the package file.
.Ef
.Sh OPTIONS
The following command line arguments are supported:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Ar pkg-name [ ... ]
The named packages are installed.
.Nm
will first try to use
.Ar pkg-name
as full URL or path name without any wildcard processing.
If that fails,
.Nm
will try to match packages using wildcard processing.
If that fails as well and
.Ar pkg-name
does not contain any /, the entries of the
.Dv PKG_PATH
variable are searched using the wildcard processing rules.
.It Fl A
Mark package as installed automatically, as dependency of another
package.
You can use
.Dl Ic pkg_admin set automatic=YES
to mark packages this way after installation, and
.Dl Ic pkg_admin unset automatic
to remove the mark.
If you
.Nm
a package without specifying
.Fl A
after it had already been automatically installed, the mark is
removed.
.It Fl C Ar config
Read the configuration file from
.Ar config
instead of the system default.
.It Fl D
Force updating even if the dependencies of depending packages are not
satisfied by the new package.
This is used by "make replace", after which one would typically
replace the depending packages.
.It Fl f
Force installation to proceed even if prerequisite packages are not
installed or the install script fails.
Although
.Nm
will still try to find and auto-install missing prerequisite packages,
a failure to find one will not be fatal.
This flag also overrides the fatal error when the operating system or
architecture the package was built on differ from that of the host.
.It Fl h
Display help and exit.
.It Fl I
If an installation script exists for a given package, do not execute it.
.It Fl K Ar pkg_dbdir
Override the value of the
.Dv PKG_DBDIR
configuration option with the value
.Ar pkg_dbdir .
.It Fl m
Override the machine architecture returned by uname with
.Ar machine .
.It Fl n
Don't actually install a package, just report the steps that
would be taken if it was.
.It Fl P Ar destdir
Prefix all file and directory names with
.Ar destdir .
For packages without install scripts this has the same behavior as
using
.Xr chroot 8 .
.It Fl p Ar prefix
Override the prefix stored in the package with
.Ar prefix .
.It Fl R
Do not record the installation of a package.
This implies
.Fl I .
This means that you cannot deinstall it later, so only use this option if
you know what you are doing!
.It Fl U
Replace an already installed version from a package.
Implies
.Fl u .
.It Fl u
If the package that's being installed is already installed,
an update is performed.
Installed dependent packages are updated recursively, if they are too
old to fulfill the dependencies of the to-be-installed version.
See below for a more detailed description of the process.
.It Fl V
Print version number and exit.
.It Fl v
Turn on verbose output.
.El
.Pp
One or more
.Ar pkg-name
arguments may be specified, each being either a file containing the
package (these usually ending with the
.Dq .tgz
suffix) or a
URL pointing at a file available on an ftp or web site.
Thus you may extract files directly from their anonymous ftp or WWW
locations (e.g.,
.Nm
http://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/x86_64/9.0/All/bash-5.0.18.tgz
or
.Nm
http://www.example.org/packages/screen-4.0.tbz).
Note:  For ftp transfers, if you wish to use
.Bf -emphasis
passive mode
.Ef
ftp in such transfers, set the variable
.Bf -emphasis
FTP_PASSIVE_MODE
.Ef
to some value in your environment.
Otherwise, the more standard ACTIVE mode may be used.
If
.Nm
consistently fails to fetch a package from a site known to work,
it may be because you have a firewall that demands the usage of
.Bf -emphasis
passive mode
.Ef
ftp.
.Sh TECHNICAL DETAILS
.Nm
extracts each package's meta data (including the
.Dq packing list )
to memory and then runs through the following sequence to fully extract
the contents of the package:
.Bl -enum -offset indent
.It
A check is made to determine if the package or another version of it
is already recorded as installed.
If it is,
installation is terminated if the
.Fl u
or
.Fl U
options are not given.
.Pp
If the same version is installed and
.Fl U
is not given, it is marked as manually installed and process stops.
If the
.Fl u
option is given, it's assumed the package should be replaced by the
new version instead.
Before doing so, all packages that depend on the
pkg being upgraded are checked if they also work with the new version.
If that test is not successful, the dependent packages are updated first.
The replacing is then prepared by moving an existing
.Pa +REQUIRED_BY
file aside (if it exists), and running
.Xr pkg_delete 1
on the installed package.
Installation then proceeds as if the package
was not installed, and restores the
.Pa +REQUIRED_BY
file afterwards.
.It
The package build information is extracted from the
.Pa +BUILD_INFO
file and compared against the result of
.Xr uname 3 .
If the operating system or architecture of the package differ from
that of the host, installation is aborted.
This behavior is overridable with the
.Fl f
flag.
.It
The package build information from
.Pa +BUILD_INFO
is then checked for
.Ev USE_ABI_DEPENDS=NO
(or
.Ev IGNORE_RECOMMENDED ) .
If the package was built with ABI dependency recommendations ignored,
a warning will be issued.
.It
A check is made to determine if the package conflicts (from
.Cm @pkgcfl
directives, see
.Xr pkg_create 1 )
with an already recorded as installed package or if an installed package
conflicts with the package.
If it is, installation is terminated.
.It
The file list of the package is compared to the file lists of the
installed packages.
If there is any overlap, the installation is terminated.
.It
All package dependencies (from
.Cm @pkgdep
directives, see
.Xr pkg_create 1 )
are read from the packing list.
If any of these required packages are not currently installed,
an attempt is made to find and install it;
if the missing package cannot be found or installed,
the installation is terminated.
.It
If the package contains an
.Ar install
script, it is executed with the following arguments:
.Bl -tag -width indentindent
.It Ar pkg-name
The name of the package being installed.
.It Cm PRE-INSTALL
Keyword denoting that the script is to perform any actions needed before
the package is installed.
.El
.Pp
If the
.Ar install
script exits with a non-zero status code, the installation is terminated.
.It
The files from the file list are extracted to the chosen prefix.
.It
If an
.Ar install
script exists for the package, it is executed with the following arguments:
.Bl -tag -width indentindent
.It Ar pkg_name
The name of the package being installed.
.It Cm POST-INSTALL
Keyword denoting that the script is to perform any actions needed
after the package has been installed.
.El
.It
After installation is complete, a copy of the packing list,
.Ar deinstall
script, description, and display files are copied into
.Pa \*[Lt]PKG_DBDIR\*[Gt]/\*[Lt]pkg-name\*[Gt]
for subsequent possible use by
.Xr pkg_delete 1 .
Any package dependencies are recorded in the other packages'
.Pa +REQUIRED_BY
file.
.It
Finally, if we were upgrading a package, any
.Pa +REQUIRED_BY
file that was moved aside before upgrading was started is now moved
back into place.
.El
.Pp
The
.Ar install
script is called with the environment variable
.Ev PKG_PREFIX
set to the installation prefix (see the
.Fl p
option above).
This allows a package author to write a script
that reliably performs some action on the directory where the package
is installed, even if the user might change it with the
.Fl p
flag to
.Cm pkg_add .
The scripts are also called with the
.Ev PKG_METADATA_DIR
environment variable set to the location of the
.Pa +*
meta-data files, and with the
.Ev PKG_REFCOUNT_DBDIR
environment variable set to the location of the package reference counts
database directory.
If the
.Fl P
flag was given to
.Nm ,
.Ev PKG_DESTDIR
will be set to
.Ar destdir .
Additionally,
.Ev PKG_METADATA_DIR
and
.Ev PKG_REFCOUNT_DBDIR
are prefixed with
.Ar destdir .
.Sh ENVIRONMENT
See
.Xr pkg_install.conf 5
for options, that can also be specified using the environment.
.Sh EXAMPLES
In all cases,
.Nm
will try to install binary packages listed in dependencies list.
.Pp
You can grab a compiled binary package from remote location by specifying
a URL:
.Bd -literal
# pkg_add http://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/x86_64/9.0/All/firefox-84.0.tgz
.Ed
.Pp
The base URL can also be provided by the configuration variable,
.Dv PKG_PATH :
.Bd -literal
# export PKG_PATH=http://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/x86_64/9.0/All
# pkg_add firefox
.Ed
.Pp
You can also specify a compiled binary package by filesystem path:
.Bd -literal
# pkg_add /usr/pkgsrc/packages/All/tcsh-6.14.00.tgz
.Ed
.Pp
If you omit the version number,
.Nm
will install the latest version available.
With
.Fl v ,
.Nm
emits more messages to terminal:
.Bd -literal
# pkg_add -v /usr/pkgsrc/packages/All/unzip
.Ed
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr pkg_admin 1 ,
.Xr pkg_create 1 ,
.Xr pkg_delete 1 ,
.Xr pkg_info 1 ,
.Xr pkg_install.conf 5 ,
.Xr pkgsrc 7
.Sh AUTHORS
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
.It "Jordan Hubbard"
Initial work and ongoing development.
.It "John Kohl"
.Nx
refinements.
.It "Hubert Feyrer"
.Nx
wildcard dependency processing, pkgdb, upgrading, etc.
.It Thomas Klausner
HTTP support.
.It Joerg Sonnenberger
Rewrote most of the code base to work without external commands.
.El
.Sh BUGS
Package upgrading needs a lot more work to be really universal.
.Pp
Sure to be others.